StudyBomb | Gr10 Rekeningkunde | T06 Krediettransaksies — Debiteure, Krediteure & Kredietjoernale

📖 Kernbegrippe & Teorie Hier is 5 onderafdelings — moet niks mis nie!

📖 Key Concepts & Theory There are 5 subsections — don't miss any!

Voordat ons kredietjoernale, oorboeking of rekonsiliasies kan aanpak, moet ons eers presies verstaan wie 'n Debiteur is en wie 'n Krediteur is — en hoekom hierdie onderskeid die fondament van al vyf onderafdelings in hierdie onderwerp vorm.

📦 Krediteur (Verskaffer)

'n Krediteur is 'n verskaffer by wie die besigheid goedere of dienste op krediet koop. Ons kry die voorraad of diens nou, maar betaal eers later (gewoonlik binne 30–90 dae).

Klassifikasie: Bedryfslas (Current Liability) — dis geld wat die besigheid binnekort moet uitbetaal.
Onthou-reël: Krediteur = ons Koop op skuld. Geld vloei UIT die besigheid.

👥 Debiteur (Klant)

'n Debiteur is 'n klant wat goedere of dienste op krediet by ons besigheid koop. Hulle kry die produk nou, maar belowe om later te betaal.

Klassifikasie: Bedryfsbate (Current Asset) — dis geld wat binnekort na die besigheid toe gaan invloei.
Onthou-reël: Debiteur = hulle skuld ons Dinge (geld). Geld vloei IN die besigheid.

Die Een Vraag Wat Alles Bepaal

Wat ook al die transaksie is, vra net één vraag: "Wie skuld vir wie geld, ná hierdie spesifieke transaksie?" Grootte van die besigheid, kontantbalans, of wie fisies die goedere besit, is nooit ter sake nie — dis uitsluitlik oor die skuldverhouding.

📋 Opsomming van die Verskille

Kenmerk	Krediteure (Verskaffers)	Debiteure (Klante)
Wie is hulle?	Die mense by wie ÓNS koop	Die mense wat by ÓNS koop
Geldvloei	Ons moet geld VIR hulle gee	Hulle moet geld VIR ons gee
Rekeningkunde-tipe	Bedryfslas	Bedryfsbate
In die Rekeningkundige Vergelyking	Deel van Laste (L)	Deel van Bates (B)

🚲 Voorbeeld — Namib Fietse

Krediteur-transaksie: Namib Fietse koop 40 fietse by Kus Fietswerke. Kus Fietswerke gee 45 dae om te betaal. Vanuit Namib Fietse se boeke: Kus Fietswerke is 'n Krediteur (Bedryfslas) — want Namib Fietse skuld VIR hulle.

Debiteur-transaksie: 'n Klant, mnr. Dlamini, koop twee fietse op rekening by Namib Fietse. Vanuit Namib Fietse se boeke: mnr. Dlamini is 'n Debiteur (Bedryfsbate) — want hy skuld VIR Namib Fietse.

Let wel: Elke party se rol hang af van WIE se boeke jy in is. Vanuit Kus Fietswerke se eie boeke, is Namib Fietse húlle Debiteur — presies omgekeerd.

💡 Slaggat om te vermy

'n Kontanttransaksie (dadelike betaling, kontant of kaart) skep NOOIT 'n Debiteur of Krediteur nie — net uitgestelde (krediet-) betalings doen dit. Onthou ook: dieselfde party kan gelyktydig BEIDE 'n Debiteur ÉN 'n Krediteur wees, as daar twee aparte transaksies in teenoorgestelde rigtings is.

✅ Sleutelpunte

Krediteur = verskaffer wat ons skuld (Bedryfslas). Debiteur = klant wat ons skuld (Bedryfsbate).
Slegs KREDIET-transaksies (uitgestelde betaling) skep 'n Debiteur- of Krediteur-verhouding.
Wanneer 'n Debiteur betaal, bly totale bates ONVERANDERD — net die samestelling verskuif (Debiteure daal, Bank styg).
Wanneer ons 'n Krediteur betaal, daal bates ÉN laste met dieselfde bedrag — die Rekeningkundige Vergelyking bly in balans.
Dieselfde party kan vir verskillende transaksies verskillende rolle speel — klassifiseer elke transaksie apart.

'n Kredietjoernaal teken 'n transaksie aan waar goedere of dienste NOU verander van eienaar, maar betaling eers LATER volg. Daar is vier kredietjoernale — elkeen met sy eie brondokument en doel.

Joernaal	Doel	Brondokument
DJ — Debiteure-joernaal	Verkope van voorraad OP KREDIET aan debiteure	Duplikaatfaktuur
DAJ — Debiteure-afslagjoernaal	Terugsendings / afslag AAN debiteure	Kredietnota (duplikaat)
KJ — Krediteure-joernaal	Aankope van voorraad OP KREDIET by krediteure	Oorspronklike faktuur
KAJ — Krediteure-afslagjoernaal	Terugsendings / afslag AAN krediteure	Debietnota / Kredietnota

💡 Onthou

Handelskorting word NOOIT in die boeke aangeteken nie — slegs die NETTO bedrag (ná korting) word ingeskryf. Kontanttransaksies hoort nooit hier nie — dié gaan in die KOJ/KBJ.

🔢 Die Drievoudige Inskrywingsbeginsel

Elke DJ/KJ-inskrywing raak DRIE rekeninge

By 'n kredietverkoop (DJ): Dt Debiteurekontrole (Bate ↑) en Kt Verkope (Inkomste ↑) vir die verkoopprys — PLUS Dt Koste van Verkope (Uitgawe ↑) en Kt Handelsvoorraad (Bate ↓) vir die kosprys.

By 'n kredietaankoop (KJ): Kt Krediteurekontrole (Las ↑) teenoor Dt Handelsvoorraad (of Diverse Rekeninge vir nie-voorraad items soos toerusting).

Verkoopprys = Kosprys × (100 + winsopslag%) ÷ 100

Kosprys = Verkoopprys ÷ (100 + winsopslag%) × 100

📐 Winsopslag vs Winsgrens

Winsopslag word bereken OP KOSPRYS (kosprys = 100%). Winsgrens word bereken OP VERKOOPPRYS (verkoopprys = 100%) — dieselfde persentasie gee dus 'n ANDER antwoord, afhangende van watter een gebruik word. Lees die vraag noukeurig!

Voorbeeld: R7,000 verkoop teen 'n 30% winsGRENS gee Kosprys = R7,000 × 70 ÷ 100 = R4,900. Dieselfde 30% as winsOPSLAG sou Kosprys = R7,000 ÷ 130 × 100 = R5,384.62 gee — heeltemal anders!

⚖️ Kruisoptelling (Cross-Cast)

Die "Moet Gelyk Wees"-reël

In die KJ/KAJ moet die Krediteurekontrole-kolomtotaal ALTYD gelyk wees aan die som van al die ander kolomme (Handelsvoorraad + Diverse Rekeninge). As dit nie gelyk is nie, is daar 'n opteloutfout.

✅ Sleutelpunte

DJ/DAJ is vir Debiteure; KJ/KAJ is vir Krediteure — moenie verwar nie.
Fisiese terugsending van voorraad = Koste van Verkope-kolom word ingevul. 'n Blote prysafslag (geen goedere kom terug) = Koste van Verkope-kolom bly LEEG.
Nie-voorraad items (toerusting, herstelwerk, ens.) gaan altyd na Diverse Rekeninge, nooit na Handelsvoorraad nie.
Handelskorting word nooit aangeteken nie — net die netto bedrag.
Kruisoptelling: Kontrolekolom = som van al die ander kolomme.

Nadat 'n transaksie in 'n kredietjoernaal aangeteken is, moet dit na twee PLEKKE oorgeboek word — elk met sy eie tempo en doel.

Kenmerk	Algemene Grootboek (AG)	Hulpgrootboeke (DGB/KGB)
Wat gaan in?	MAANDELIKSE KOLOMTOTALE	Elke INDIVIDUELE transaksie
Wanneer?	Maandeliks, op die laaste dag	Daagliks, soos elke transaksie plaasvind
Wie doen dit?	Rekenmeester / senior personeel	Junior / klerklike personeel
Bevat	Kontrolerekeninge (Debiteure- & Krediteurekontrole)	Individuele rekeninge per klant/verskaffer

Die "Moet Ooreenstem"-reël

Aan maandeinde moet die totaal van die Lys van Debiteure (of Krediteure) — saamgestel uit al die individuele Hulpgrootboek-saldo's — presies gelyk wees aan die Kontrolerekening se saldo in die Algemene Grootboek. As dit nié ooreenstem nie, dui dit op 'n gemiste oorboeking of 'n berekeningsfout.

📒 Voorbeeld — Namib Fietse

Maandelikse oorboeking (AG)

Die DJ-kolomtotaal vir Januarie (R21,500 Verkope) word EEN KEER, aan maandeinde, oorgeboek: Dt Debiteurekontrole R21,500 / Kt Verkope R21,500. Die Algemene Grootboek sien nooit die individuele klante se name nie — net die totaal.

Daaglikse oorboeking (Hulpgrootboek)

Elke faktuur in dieselfde DJ word apart, op sy eie datum, na die betrokke debiteur se EIE rekening in die Debiteuregrootboek oorgeboek — bv. K Malope se rekening kry sy R3,200 op 3 Januarie, nie eers aan maandeinde nie.

💡 Debiteure- vs Krediteurerekening — spieëlbeelde

In die Debiteuregrootboek verhoog 'n faktuur die DEBIET-kant (hy skuld meer); 'n kredietnota/betaling verlaag dit (KREDIET-kant). In die Krediteuregrootboek is dit PRESIES OMGEKEERD: 'n faktuur verhoog die KREDIET-kant (ons skuld meer); 'n debietnota/betaling verlaag dit (DEBIET-kant) — want dis 'n bate-rekening teenoor 'n las-rekening.

✅ Sleutelpunte

AG = maandelikse totale (Stap 4). Hulpgrootboeke = daaglikse individuele items (Stap 3).
Slegs Kontrolerekeninge (nooit individuele debiteure/krediteure) verskyn op die Proefbalans.
Die Lys van Debiteure/Krediteure (uit die Hulpgrootboeke) moet met die AG se Kontrolerekening ooreenstem — dis die versoeningstoets.
Debiteurerekeninge en Krediteurerekeninge werk spieëlbeeld-omgekeerd van mekaar (Debiet- vs Krediet-kant).

Die Algemene Joernaal (AJ) is die rekeningkundige "vangnet" — gebruik dit SLEGS wanneer 'n transaksie in GEEN van die ander sewe hulpjoernale pas nie.

🕸️ Tipiese AJ-transaksies

Oninbare skulde — 'n debiteur kan nie meer betaal nie
Rente op agterstallige (of ontvangbare) rekeninge
Onttrekkings — eienaar neem kontant of voorraad vir eie gebruik
Foutregstellings — korreksie van vorige foutiewe inskrywings
Skenkings van voorraad of bates

💡 Elke inskrywing het 'n Joernaalbewys (JB) nodig

Anders as ander joernale (met eksterne brondokumente soos fakture), word AJ-inskrywings gemagtig deur 'n INTERNE Joernaalbewys, onderteken deur senior personeel — dit voorkom onbevoegde aanpassings.

🔢 Die Ses Geldkolomme

Kolom	Gebruik wanneer...
DT / KT (1 & 2)	Altyd — die Algemene Grootboek-bedrae
DGB DT (3)	'n Debiteur se rekening in die Hulpgrootboek VERHOOG
DGB KT (4)	'n Debiteur se rekening in die Hulpgrootboek VERLAAG
KGB DT (5)	'n Krediteur se rekening in die Hulpgrootboek VERLAAG
KGB KT (6)	'n Krediteur se rekening in die Hulpgrootboek VERHOOG

Anders as ander joernale, word ELKE AJ-item INDIVIDUEEL en op sy eie datum oorgeboek — nie as 'n maandelikse totaal nie.

🧮 Die BULIE-Mnemotegniek

Letter	Rekeningsoort	Debiet	Krediet
B	Bates	+ (verhoog)	− (verlaag)
U	Uitgawes	+ (verhoog)	− (verlaag)
L	Laste / Lening	− (verlaag)	+ (verhoog)
I	Inkomste	− (verlaag)	+ (verhoog)

❓ Drie vrae per rekening

1. Watter SOORT rekening is dit? (Bate/Las/Uitgawe/Inkomste/Eienaarsbelang) 2. Word dit GROTER of KLEINER? 3. Is dit DEBIET of KREDIET? (BULIE-boks) — doen dit vir BEIDE rekeninge; een moet Dt en die ander Kt wees.

✅ Sleutelpunte

Die AJ is 'n VANGNET — gebruik dit slegs as niks anders pas nie.
Elke inskrywing vereis 'n Joernaalbewys (JB), goedgekeur deur senior personeel.
Ses kolomme laat gelyktydige oorboeking na die AG ÉN die Hulpgrootboeke toe.
AJ-items word individueel oorgeboek, nooit as maandelikse totale nie.
Gebruik altyd die BULIE-boks en die drie-vraag-toets vir elke rekening.

Rekonsiliasie vergelyk twee rekords van dieselfde inligting: die Kontrolerekening (totale, in die AG) en die Lys (individuele name, uit die Hulpgrootboek). Foute ontstaan wanneer hierdie twee paaie nie ooreenstem nie.

👥 Twee Klerke, Twee Paaie

Riaan ("Klerk Totaal") werk net met joernaaltotale in die Algemene Grootboek — hy ken NIE individuele name nie. Naledi ("Klerk Naam") werk daagliks met individuele inskrywings vir elke kliënt in die Debiteure-/Krediteuregrootboek — sy werk nooit met grondtotale nie.

Sodra 'n transaksie die joernaal verlaat, verdeel dit in twee onafhanklike paaie: die joernaaltotaal (na Riaan) en die individuele oorboeking (na Naledi).

🏷️ Die Drie Foutkategorieë

Kategorie	Wie se fout?	Wat word geraak?	Voorbeeld
A	Riaan (Totale)	SLEGS die Kontrolerekening	Kolom verkeerd opgetel
B	Naledi (Naam)	SLEGS die Lys	Korrekte bedrag na verkeerde persoon
C	Brondokument	BEIDE Kontrolerekening EN Lys	Transaksie heeltemal uit boeke gelaat

💡 Die Goue Reël vir Fout-Identifikasie

Vra altyd: "Wie se werk is geraak — Riaan s'n, Naledi s'n, of albei?" As die fout in die kolomtotaal of oorboeking daarvan na die AG is → Kategorie A. As dit 'n individuele oorboeking na 'n persoonlike rekening is → Kategorie B. As dit die brondokument of oorspronklike joernaal-inskrywing self is → Kategorie C (raak altyd BEIDE, met dieselfde bedrag).

Die "Dubbel-Korreksie"-reël

As 'n bedrag aan die VERKEERDE KANT geboek is (Debiet i.p.v. Krediet, of andersom), moet die regstelling DUBBEL die bedrag wees om dit eers te kanselleer en dan korrek te boek.

📋 Deel B — Rekening teenoor Staat

Tydverskille vs Werklike Foute

Wanneer jy ons eie rekords met 'n verskaffer/kliënt se Staat vergelyk: 'n tydverskil (bv. 'n tjek wat nog nie op hulle Staat verskyn nie) word SLEGS op die Rekonsiliasiestaat gewys — raak nooit ons eie boeke nie. 'n werklike fout in ons eie boeke moet BEIDE op die Rekonsiliasiestaat verskyn ÉN werklik in die Algemene Joernaal reggestel word.

✅ Sleutelpunte

Kontrolerekening = totale (Riaan). Lys = individuele name (Naledi). Hulle moet ooreenstem.
Kategorie A = Kontrole alleen. Kategorie B = Lys alleen. Kategorie C = altyd BEIDE.
Verkeerde kant geboek? Die regstelling moet DUBBEL die bedrag wees.
Deel B: tydsverskille raak nooit ons boeke nie; werklike foute moet in die AJ reggestel word.
Vra altyd "wie se werk is geraak?" om vinnig die kategorie te bepaal.

Before we can tackle credit journals, posting, or reconciliations, we first need to understand exactly who a Debtor is and who a Creditor is — this distinction is the foundation for all five subsections in this topic.

📦 Creditor (Supplier)

A Creditor is a supplier the business buys goods or services from on credit. We receive the stock or service now, but pay later (usually within 30–90 days).

Classification: Current Liability — money the business will soon have to pay out.
Memory trick: Creditor = we buy on Credit. Money flows OUT of the business.

👥 Debtor (Customer)

A Debtor is a customer who buys goods or services on credit from our business. They receive the product now, but promise to pay later.

Classification: Current Asset — money that will soon flow into the business.
Memory trick: Debtor = they owe us Dough (money). Money flows IN to the business.

The One Question That Decides It All

Whatever the transaction, ask just one question: "Who owes whom money, after this specific transaction?" Business size, cash balance, or who physically holds the goods is never relevant — it's purely about the debt relationship.

📋 Summary of the Differences

Feature	Creditors (Suppliers)	Debtors (Customers)
Who are they?	The people WE buy from	The people who buy from US
Money flow	We must give money to them	They must give money to us
Accounting type	Current Liability	Current Asset
In the Accounting Equation	Part of Liabilities (L)	Part of Assets (A)

🚲 Example — Riverside Cycles

Creditor transaction: Riverside Cycles buys 40 bicycles from Coastline Cycle Works. Coastline gives them 45 days to pay. From Riverside Cycles' books: Coastline is a Creditor (Current Liability) — because Riverside owes them.

Debtor transaction: A customer, Mr Dlamini, buys two bicycles on account from Riverside Cycles. From Riverside's books: Mr Dlamini is a Debtor (Current Asset) — because he owes Riverside.

Note: Each party's role depends on WHOSE books you're in. From Coastline's own books, Riverside Cycles is THEIR Debtor — exactly the reverse.

💡 Pitfall to Avoid

A cash transaction (immediate payment, cash or card) NEVER creates a Debtor or Creditor — only deferred (credit) payments do. Also remember: the same party can simultaneously be BOTH a Debtor AND a Creditor, if there are two separate transactions running in opposite directions.

✅ Key Points

Creditor = supplier we owe (Current Liability). Debtor = customer who owes us (Current Asset).
Only CREDIT transactions (deferred payment) create a Debtor or Creditor relationship.
When a Debtor pays, total assets stay UNCHANGED — only the composition shifts (Debtors decreases, Bank increases).
When we pay a Creditor, both assets AND liabilities decrease by the same amount — the Accounting Equation stays balanced.
The same party can play different roles in different transactions — classify each transaction independently.

A credit journal records a transaction where goods or services change hands NOW, but payment follows LATER. There are four credit journals — each with its own source document and purpose.

Journal	Purpose	Source Document
DJ — Debtors Journal	Sales of stock ON CREDIT to debtors	Duplicate Invoice
DAJ — Debtors Allowance Journal	Returns / allowances TO debtors	Credit Note (duplicate)
CJ — Creditors Journal	Purchases of stock ON CREDIT from creditors	Original Invoice
CAJ — Creditors Allowance Journal	Returns / allowances TO creditors	Debit Note / Credit Note

💡 Remember

Trade discount is NEVER recorded in the books — only the NET amount (after discount) is entered. Cash transactions never belong here — those go in the CRJ/CPJ.

🔢 The Triple Entry Principle

Every DJ/CJ entry affects THREE accounts

For a credit sale (DJ): Dr Debtors Control (Asset ↑) and Cr Sales (Income ↑) for the selling price — PLUS Dr Cost of Sales (Expense ↑) and Cr Trading Stock (Asset ↓) for the cost price.

For a credit purchase (CJ): Cr Creditors Control (Liability ↑) against Dr Trading Stock (or Sundry Accounts for non-stock items like equipment).

Selling Price = Cost Price × (100 + mark-up%) ÷ 100

Cost Price = Selling Price ÷ (100 + mark-up%) × 100

📐 Mark-up vs Margin

Mark-up is calculated ON COST (cost = 100%). Margin is calculated ON SELLING PRICE (selling price = 100%) — the same percentage gives a DIFFERENT answer depending on which is used. Read the question carefully!

Example: R7,000 sold at a 30% profit MARGIN gives Cost Price = R7,000 × 70 ÷ 100 = R4,900. The same 30% as a MARK-UP would give Cost Price = R7,000 ÷ 130 × 100 = R5,384.62 — completely different!

⚖️ Cross-Casting

The "Must Equal" Rule

In the CJ/CAJ, the Creditors Control column total must ALWAYS equal the sum of all other columns (Trading Stock + Sundry Accounts). If it doesn't match, there's an adding error.

✅ Key Points

DJ/DAJ are for Debtors; CJ/CAJ are for Creditors — don't mix them up.
A physical stock return = the Cost of Sales column is filled in. A pure price reduction (no goods return) = the Cost of Sales column stays EMPTY.
Non-stock items (equipment, repairs, etc.) always go to Sundry Accounts, never Trading Stock.
Trade discount is never recorded — only the net amount.
Cross-cast: Control column = sum of all other columns.

Once a transaction is recorded in a credit journal, it must be posted to two DIFFERENT PLACES — each with its own pace and purpose.

Feature	General Ledger (GL)	Subsidiary Ledgers (DL/CL)
What goes in?	MONTHLY COLUMN TOTALS	Every INDIVIDUAL transaction
When?	Monthly, on the last day	Daily, as each transaction happens
Who does it?	Accountant / senior staff	Junior / clerical staff
Contains	Control accounts (Debtors & Creditors Control)	Individual accounts per customer/supplier

The "Must Match" Rule

At month-end, the total of the List of Debtors (or Creditors) — compiled from all the individual Subsidiary Ledger balances — must equal exactly the Control Account balance in the General Ledger. If it doesn't match, it points to a missed posting or a calculation error.

📒 Example — Riverside Cycles

Monthly posting (GL)

The DJ column total for January (R21,500 Sales) is posted ONCE, at month-end: Dr Debtors Control R21,500 / Cr Sales R21,500. The General Ledger never sees individual customer names — just the total.

Daily posting (Subsidiary Ledger)

Each invoice in the same DJ is posted separately, on its own date, to that debtor's OWN account in the Debtors Ledger — e.g. K Malope's account receives his R3,200 on 3 January, not only at month-end.

💡 Debtor vs Creditor accounts — mirror images

In the Debtors Ledger, an invoice increases the DEBIT side (they owe more); a credit note/payment decreases it (CREDIT side). In the Creditors Ledger, it's EXACTLY REVERSED: an invoice increases the CREDIT side (we owe more); a debit note/payment decreases it (DEBIT side) — because it's an asset account versus a liability account.

✅ Key Points

GL = monthly totals (Step 4). Subsidiary Ledgers = daily individual items (Step 3).
Only Control Accounts (never individual debtors/creditors) appear on the Trial Balance.
The List of Debtors/Creditors (from the Subsidiary Ledgers) must match the GL's Control Account — that's the reconciliation test.
Debtor accounts and Creditor accounts work as mirror opposites of each other (Debit vs Credit side).

The General Journal (GJ) is accounting's "catch-all" — use it ONLY when a transaction doesn't fit into any of the other seven subsidiary journals.

🕸️ Typical GJ Transactions

Bad debts — a debtor can no longer pay
Interest on overdue (or receivable) accounts
Drawings — owner takes cash or stock for personal use
Error corrections — fixing previous incorrect entries
Donations of stock or assets

💡 Every entry needs a Journal Voucher (JV)

Unlike other journals (with external source documents like invoices), GJ entries are authorised by an INTERNAL Journal Voucher, signed by senior staff — this prevents unauthorised adjustments.

🔢 The Six Money Columns

Column	Use when...
Dr / Cr (1 & 2)	Always — the General Ledger amounts
DL Dr (3)	A debtor's Subsidiary Ledger account INCREASES
DL Cr (4)	A debtor's Subsidiary Ledger account DECREASES
CL Dr (5)	A creditor's Subsidiary Ledger account DECREASES
CL Cr (6)	A creditor's Subsidiary Ledger account INCREASES

Unlike other journals, EVERY GJ entry is posted INDIVIDUALLY on its own date — not as a monthly total.

🧮 The ExALER Framework

Letter	Account Type	Debit	Credit
Ex	Expenses	+ (increase)	− (decrease)
A	Assets	+ (increase)	− (decrease)
L	Liabilities	− (decrease)	+ (increase)
E	Equity	− (decrease)	+ (increase)
R	Revenue	− (decrease)	+ (increase)

❓ Three questions per account

1. What TYPE of account is it? (Asset/Liability/Expense/Revenue/Equity) 2. Is it getting BIGGER or SMALLER? 3. Is it a DEBIT or CREDIT? (ExALER box) — do this for BOTH accounts; one must be Dr and the other Cr.

✅ Key Points

The GJ is a CATCH-ALL — use it only when nothing else fits.
Every entry requires a Journal Voucher (JV), authorised by senior staff.
Six columns allow simultaneous posting to the GL AND the Subsidiary Ledgers.
GJ items are posted individually, never as monthly totals.
Always use the ExALER box and the three-question test for each account.

Reconciliation compares two records of the same information: the Control Account (totals, in the GL) and the List (individual names, from the Subsidiary Ledger). Errors arise when these two paths don't match.

👥 Two Clerks, Two Paths

Connor ("Totals Clerk") manages the General Ledger using monthly journal totals — he never sees individual customer names. Priya ("Personal Accounts Clerk") updates individual debtor/creditor accounts daily from transactions — she never works with grand totals.

Once a transaction leaves the journal, it splits into two independent record-keeping paths: the journal total (to Connor) and the individual posting (to Priya).

🏷️ The Three Error Categories

Category	Whose mistake?	What's affected?	Example
A	Connor (Totals)	Control Account ONLY	Column added up incorrectly
B	Priya (Names)	List ONLY	Correct amount to wrong person
C	Source document	BOTH Control Account AND List	Transaction left out of books entirely

💡 The Golden Rule for Error Identification

Always ask: "Whose work was affected — Connor's, Priya's, or both?" If the error is in the column total or its posting to the GL → Category A. If it's an individual posting to a personal account → Category B. If it's the source document or original journal entry itself → Category C (always affects BOTH, by the same amount).

The "Double-Correction" Rule

If an amount was posted to the WRONG SIDE (Debit instead of Credit, or vice versa), the correction must be DOUBLE the amount, to first cancel it out and then post it correctly.

📋 Part B — Account vs Statement

Timing Differences vs Genuine Errors

When comparing our own records to a supplier/customer's Statement: a timing difference (e.g. a cheque not yet reflected on their Statement) is shown ONLY on the Reconciliation Statement — it never touches our own books. A genuine error in our own books must appear BOTH on the Reconciliation Statement AND be actually corrected in the General Journal.

✅ Key Points

Control Account = totals (Connor). List = individual names (Priya). They must match.
Category A = Control only. Category B = List only. Category C = always BOTH.
Posted to the wrong side? The correction must be DOUBLE the amount.
Part B: timing differences never touch our books; genuine errors must be corrected in the GJ.
Always ask "whose work was affected?" to quickly identify the category.

← Onderwerp 5Topic 5 Onderwerp 7 →Topic 7 →

🖼️ Infographic Hier is 5 onderafdelings — moet niks mis nie!

🖼️ Infographic There are 5 subsections — don't miss any!

Krediteure vs. Debiteure — Wie skuld vir wie?

Krediteure teenoor Debiteure infographic

Creditors vs. Debtors — Who Owes Whom?

← Onderwerp 5Topic 5 Onderwerp 7 →Topic 7 →

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← Onderwerp 5Topic 5 Onderwerp 7 →Topic 7 →

❓ Meervoudige Keusevrae Hier is 5 onderafdelings — moet niks mis nie!

15 vrae • Geskommel elke keer

Vraag 1 van 15Telling: 0

VRAAG 1

❓ Multiple Choice Questions There are 5 subsections — don't miss any!

15 questions • Shuffled every time

Question 1 of 15Score: 0

QUESTION 1

← Onderwerp 5Topic 5 Onderwerp 7 →Topic 7 →

📝 Vraebank Hier is 5 onderafdelings — moet niks mis nie!

📝 Question Bank There are 5 subsections — don't miss any!

← Onderwerp 5Topic 5 Onderwerp 7 →Topic 7 →

⚡ Flitskaarte

27 kaarte • dek al 5 onderafdelings

🤝 Klik om te draai

Definisie

⚡ Flashcards

27 cards • covers all 5 subsections

🤝 Click to flip

Definition

← Onderwerp 5Topic 5 Onderwerp 7 →Topic 7 →

📊 Gevallestudie

🚲 Namib Fietse — 'n Jaar in die Boeke

Hierdie gevallestudie volg Namib Fietse deur 6 afdelings wat al 5 onderafdelings van Onderwerp 6 dek, plus Interne Beheer, AARP/IFRS-beginsels en Etiek. Elke afdeling gebruik 'n vars, onafhanklike maand se syfers — 'n fout in een afdeling kan dus nooit punte in 'n volgende afdeling kos nie. Werk deur A → F.

📊 Case Study

🚲 Riverside Cycles — A Year in the Books

This case study follows Riverside Cycles through 6 sections covering all 5 subsections of Topic 6, plus Internal Control, GAAP/IFRS principles and Ethics. Each section uses fresh, independent figures for a different month — so an error in one section can never cost marks in a later section. Work through A → F.

← Onderwerp 5Topic 5 Onderwerp 7 →Topic 7 →

Boekhouding van Eenmansaak — Krediettransaksies

Sole Trader Bookkeeping — Credit Transactions

📖 Kernbegrippe & Teorie Hier is 5 onderafdelings — moet niks mis nie!

📖 Key Concepts & Theory There are 5 subsections — don't miss any!

📦 Krediteur (Verskaffer)

👥 Debiteur (Klant)

✅ Sleutelpunte

Elke DJ/KJ-inskrywing raak DRIE rekeninge

✅ Sleutelpunte

✅ Sleutelpunte

🕸️ Tipiese AJ-transaksies

✅ Sleutelpunte

👥 Twee Klerke, Twee Paaie

Tydverskille vs Werklike Foute

✅ Sleutelpunte

📦 Creditor (Supplier)

👥 Debtor (Customer)

✅ Key Points

Every DJ/CJ entry affects THREE accounts

✅ Key Points

✅ Key Points

🕸️ Typical GJ Transactions

✅ Key Points

👥 Two Clerks, Two Paths

Timing Differences vs Genuine Errors

✅ Key Points

🖼️ Infographic Hier is 5 onderafdelings — moet niks mis nie!

🖼️ Infographic There are 5 subsections — don't miss any!

❓ Meervoudige Keusevrae Hier is 5 onderafdelings — moet niks mis nie!

❓ Multiple Choice Questions There are 5 subsections — don't miss any!

📝 Vraebank Hier is 5 onderafdelings — moet niks mis nie!

📝 Question Bank There are 5 subsections — don't miss any!

⚡ Flitskaarte

⚡ Flashcards

📊 Gevallestudie

📊 Case Study